Bubble Tea
==========
The fun, functional and stateful way to build terminal apps. A Go framework
based on [The Elm Architecture][elm]. Bubble Tea is well-suited for simple and
complex terminal applications, either inline, full-window, or a mix of both.
Bubble Tea is in use in production and includes a number of features and
performance optimizations we’ve added along the way. Among those is a standard
framerate-based renderer, a renderer for high-performance scrollable
regions which works alongside the main renderer, and mouse support.
To get started, see the tutorial below, the [examples][examples], the
[docs][docs] and some common [resources](#libraries-we-use-with-bubble-tea).
## By the way
Be sure to check out [Bubbles][bubbles], a library of common UI components for Bubble Tea.
* * *
## Tutorial
Bubble Tea is based on the functional design paradigms of [The Elm
Architecture][elm] which happens to work nicely with Go. It's a delightful way to
build applications.
By the way, the non-annotated source code for this program is available
[on GitHub](https://github.com/charmbracelet/bubbletea/tree/master/tutorials/basics).
This tutorial assumes you have a working knowledge of Go.
[elm]: https://guide.elm-lang.org/architecture/
## Enough! Let's get to it.
For this tutorial we're making a shopping list.
To start we'll define our package and import some libraries. Our only external
import will be the Bubble Tea library, which we'll call `tea` for short.
```go
package main
import (
"fmt"
"os"
tea "github.com/charmbracelet/bubbletea"
)
```
Bubble Tea programs are comprised of a **model** that describes the application
state and three simple methods on that model:
* **Init**, a function that returns an initial command for the application to run.
* **Update**, a function that handles incoming events and updates the model accordingly.
* **View**, a function that renders the UI based on the data in the model.
## The Model
So let's start by defining our model which will store our application's state.
It can be any type, but a `struct` usually makes the most sense.
```go
type model struct {
choices []string // items on the to-do list
cursor int // which to-do list item our cursor is pointing at
selected map[int]struct{} // which to-do items are selected
}
```
## Initialization
Next we’ll define our application’s initial state. In this case we’re defining
a function to return our initial model, however we could just as easily define
the initial model as a variable elsewhere, too.
```go
func initialModel() model {
return model{
// Our shopping list is a grocery list
choices: []string{"Buy carrots", "Buy celery", "Buy kohlrabi"},
// A map which indicates which choices are selected. We're using
// the map like a mathematical set. The keys refer to the indexes
// of the `choices` slice, above.
selected: make(map[int]struct{}),
}
}
```
Next we define the `Init` method. `Init` can return a `Cmd` that could perform
some initial I/O. For now, we don't need to do any I/O, so for the command
we'll just return `nil`, which translates to "no command."
```go
func (m model) Init() tea.Cmd {
// Just return `nil`, which means "no I/O right now, please."
return nil
}
```
## The Update Method
Next up is the update method. The update function is called when ”things
happen.” Its job is to look at what has happened and return an updated model in
response. It can also return a `Cmd` to make more things happen, but for now
don't worry about that part.
In our case, when a user presses the down arrow, `Update`’s job is to notice
that the down arrow was pressed and move the cursor accordingly (or not).
The “something happened” comes in the form of a `Msg`, which can be any type.
Messages are the result of some I/O that took place, such as a keypress, timer
tick, or a response from a server.
We usually figure out which type of `Msg` we received with a type switch, but
you could also use a type assertion.
For now, we'll just deal with `tea.KeyMsg` messages, which are automatically
sent to the update function when keys are pressed.
```go
func (m model) Update(msg tea.Msg) (tea.Model, tea.Cmd) {
switch msg := msg.(type) {
// Is it a key press?
case tea.KeyMsg:
// Cool, what was the actual key pressed?
switch msg.String() {
// These keys should exit the program.
case "ctrl+c", "q":
return m, tea.Quit
// The "up" and "k" keys move the cursor up
case "up", "k":
if m.cursor > 0 {
m.cursor--
}
// The "down" and "j" keys move the cursor down
case "down", "j":
if m.cursor < len(m.choices)-1 {
m.cursor++
}
// The "enter" key and the spacebar (a literal space) toggle
// the selected state for the item that the cursor is pointing at.
case "enter", " ":
_, ok := m.selected[m.cursor]
if ok {
delete(m.selected, m.cursor)
} else {
m.selected[m.cursor] = struct{}{}
}
}
}
// Return the updated model to the Bubble Tea runtime for processing.
// Note that we're not returning a command.
return m, nil
}
```
You may have noticed that ctrl+c and q above return
a `tea.Quit` command with the model. That’s a special command which instructs
the Bubble Tea runtime to quit, exiting the program.
## The View Method
At last, it’s time to render our UI. Of all the methods, the view is the
simplest. We look at the model in it's current state and use it to return
a `string`. That string is our UI!
Because the view describes the entire UI of your application, you don’t have to
worry about redrawing logic and stuff like that. Bubble Tea takes care of it
for you.
```go
func (m model) View() string {
// The header
s := "What should we buy at the market?\n\n"
// Iterate over our choices
for i, choice := range m.choices {
// Is the cursor pointing at this choice?
cursor := " " // no cursor
if m.cursor == i {
cursor = ">" // cursor!
}
// Is this choice selected?
checked := " " // not selected
if _, ok := m.selected[i]; ok {
checked = "x" // selected!
}
// Render the row
s += fmt.Sprintf("%s [%s] %s\n", cursor, checked, choice)
}
// The footer
s += "\nPress q to quit.\n"
// Send the UI for rendering
return s
}
```
## All Together Now
The last step is to simply run our program. We pass our initial model to
`tea.NewProgram` and let it rip:
```go
func main() {
p := tea.NewProgram(initialModel())
if err := p.Start(); err != nil {
fmt.Printf("Alas, there's been an error: %v", err)
os.Exit(1)
}
}
```
## What’s Next?
This tutorial covers the basics of building an interactive terminal UI, but
in the real world you'll also need to perform I/O. To learn about that have a
look at the [Command Tutorial][cmd]. It's pretty simple.
There are also several [Bubble Tea examples][examples] available and, of course,
there are [Go Docs][docs].
[cmd]: http://github.com/charmbracelet/bubbletea/tree/master/tutorials/commands/
[examples]: http://github.com/charmbracelet/bubbletea/tree/master/examples
[docs]: https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/charmbracelet/bubbletea?tab=doc
## Libraries we use with Bubble Tea
* [Bubbles][bubbles]: Common Bubble Tea components such as text inputs, viewports, spinners and so on
* [Lip Gloss][lipgloss]: Style, format and layout tools for terminal applications
* [Harmonica][harmonica]: A spring animation library for smooth, natural motion
* [Termenv][termenv]: Advanced ANSI styling for terminal applications
* [Reflow][reflow]: Advanced ANSI-aware methods for working with text
[bubbles]: https://github.com/charmbracelet/bubbles
[lipgloss]: https://github.com/charmbracelet/lipgloss
[harmonica]: https://github.com/charmbracelet/harmonica
[termenv]: https://github.com/muesli/termenv
[reflow]: https://github.com/muesli/reflow
## Bubble Tea in the Wild
For some Bubble Tea programs in production, see:
* [Glow](https://github.com/charmbracelet/glow): a markdown reader, browser and online markdown stash
* [The Charm Tool](https://github.com/charmbracelet/charm): the Charm user account manager
* [kboard](https://github.com/CamiloGarciaLaRotta/kboard): a typing game
* [tasktimer](https://github.com/caarlos0/tasktimer): a dead-simple task timer
* [fork-cleaner](https://github.com/caarlos0/fork-cleaner): cleans up old and inactive forks in your GitHub account
* [STTG](https://github.com/wille1101/sttg): teletext client for SVT, Sweden’s national public television station
* [gitflow-toolkit](https://github.com/mritd/gitflow-toolkit): a GitFlow submission tool
* [ticker](https://github.com/achannarasappa/ticker): a terminal stock watcher and stock position tracker
* [tz](https://github.com/oz/tz): an aid for scheduling across multiple time zones
* [httpit](https://github.com/gonetx/httpit): a rapid http(s) benchmark tool
* [gembro](https://git.sr.ht/~rafael/gembro): a mouse-driven Gemini browser
* [fm](https://github.com/knipferrc/fm): a terminal-based file manager
* [StormForge Optimize – Controller](https://github.com/thestormforge/optimize-controller): a tool for experimenting with application configurations in Kubernetes
* [Slides](https://github.com/maaslalani/slides): a markdown-based presentation tool
* [Typer](https://github.com/maaslalani/typer): a typing test
* [AT CLI](https://github.com/daskycodes/at_cli): a utility to for executing AT Commands via serial port connections
* [Canard](https://github.com/mrusme/canard): an RSS client
* [sqlite-tui](https://github.com/mathaou/sqlite-tui): an keyboard and mouse driven SQLite database browser
## Feedback
We'd love to hear your thoughts on this tutorial. Feel free to drop us a note!
* [Twitter](https://twitter.com/charmcli)
* [The Fediverse](https://mastodon.technology/@charm)
## Acknowledgments
Bubble Tea is based on the paradigms of [The Elm Architecture][elm] by Evan
Czaplicki et alia and the excellent [go-tea][gotea] by TJ Holowaychuk.
[elm]: https://guide.elm-lang.org/architecture/
[gotea]: https://github.com/tj/go-tea
## License
[MIT](https://github.com/charmbracelet/bubbletea/raw/master/LICENSE)
***
Part of [Charm](https://charm.sh).
Charm热爱开源 • Charm loves open source